Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembling complexes of capsid proteins that mimic the native virion but are devoid of viral genetic materials. In this regard, VLPs harness the immunogenicity of viruses and are non-replicative and non-infectious, which greatly enhances their safety. VLPs are classified into two main groups, non-enveloped and enveloped VLPs. Production of the VLPs is based on expressing one or more pathogen component in a suitable expression system.
In the production of non-enveloped VLPs, genetic engineering and chemical conjugation are the two methods used to display heterologous antigens on the surface of non-enveloped VLPs.
On the other hand, enveloped VLPs acquire host cell membrane as their lipid envelope with heterologous membrane proteins displayed on the surface when budding from the host cells. A protein transfer technique can be used to integrate the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein or other immunostimulatory molecules to the lipid bilayer of the enveloped VLPs.
In the production of non-enveloped VLPs, genetic engineering and chemical conjugation are the two methods used to display heterologous antigens on the surface of non-enveloped VLPs.
On the other hand, enveloped VLPs acquire host cell membrane as their lipid envelope with heterologous membrane proteins displayed on the surface when budding from the host cells. A protein transfer technique can be used to integrate the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein or other immunostimulatory molecules to the lipid bilayer of the enveloped VLPs.